ISO/TR 12295:2014

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 12295
First edition
2014-04-01
Ergonomics — Application document
for International Standards on manual
handling (ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2
and ISO 11228-3) and evaluation of
static working postures (ISO 11226)
Ergonomie — Document pour l’application des Normes
Internationales sur la manutention manuelle (ISO 11228-1, ISO
11228-2 et ISO 11228-3) et l’évaluation des positions statiques de
travail (ISO 11226)
Reference number
ISO/TR 12295:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014

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ISO/TR 12295:2014(E)

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ISO/TR 12295:2014(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Using the “Key Questions” and the “Quick Assessment” . 3
3.1 Step 1 — Procedure to enter the standards: the “Key Questions”. 3
3.2 Step 2 — The “Quick Assessment” . 3
Annex A (informative) Application information for ISO 11228-1 .12
Annex B (informative) Application information for ISO 11228-2 .32
Annex C (informative) Application information for ISO 11228-3 .45
Bibliography .58
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3,
Anthropometry and biomechanics.
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Introduction
The ISO 11228 series and ISO 11226 establish ergonomic recommendations for different manual
handling tasks and working postures.
All their parts apply to occupational and non-occupational activities. The standards will provide
information for designers, employers, employees and others involved in work, job and product design,
such as occupational health and safety professionals.
ISO 11228 consists of the following parts, under the general title, Ergonomics — Manual handling:
— Part 1: Lifting and carrying;
— Part 2: Pushing and pulling;
— Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency.
ISO 11226, Ergonomics — Evaluation of static working postures, gives recommended limits for static
working postures with no, or with minimal external force exertion, while taking into account body
angles and duration. It is designed to provide guidance on the assessment of several task variables by
evaluating the health risks for the working population.
While ISO 11228 and ISO 11226 are each self-contained with respect to data and methods, users may
need guidance in selecting or using the standards in their specific application.
This Technical Report serves as an application guide that offers a simple risk assessment methodology
for small and medium enterprises and for non-professional activities. For expert users, more detailed
assessment methodologies are presented in the annexes.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12295:2014(E)
Ergonomics — Application document for International
Standards on manual handling (ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-
2 and ISO 11228-3) and evaluation of static working
postures (ISO 11226)
1 Scope
This Technical Report is an application document that guides users of the ISO 11228 series of International
Standards, which address manual handling, and ISO 11226, which deals with static working postures.
Specifically, it guides the user and provides additional information in the selection and use of the
appropriate standards.
Depending upon whether specific risks are present, it is intended to assist the user to decide which
standards should be applied.
It has a dual scope:
a) To provide all users, and particularly those who are not experts in ergonomics, with criteria and
procedures:
— to identify the situations in which they can apply the standards of the ISO 11228 series and/or
ISO 11226;
— according to the criteria given in the relative standard, to provide a “quick assessment” method
to easily recognize activities that are “certainly acceptable” or “certainly critical”. If an activity
is “not acceptable” it is necessary to complete a detailed risk-assessment as set out in the
standard, but it should be possible to continue with the subsequent actions. Where the quick-
assessment method shows that the activity risk falls between the two exposure conditions
then it is necessary to refer to the detailed methods for risk assessment set out in the relevant
standard.
This scope and approach is illustrated in the flowchart in Figure 1 and is described in the main text
of this Technical Report.
The user will be required to answer a short series of practical “key questions” to assist him or her
in selecting and applying the appropriate standard(s).
It is emphasized that the use of the quick-assessment method is best completed using a participatory
approach involving workers in the enterprise. Such involvement is considered essential to identify
effectively priorities for dealing with the different hazard and risk conditions and, where necessary,
to identify effective risk reduction measures.
b) To provide all users, especially those who have sufficient experience in ergonomics, or are sufficiently
familiar with the standards of the ISO 11228 series, with details and criteria for applying the risk
assessment methods proposed in the original standards of the series. This information is fully
consistent with the methods proposed in the standards, and does not introduce any change to the
application of the mathematical risk level calculations defined in the existing standards. It has been
collated from additional analyses to ease the use of the standards.
This second part of the scope will be achieved through Annexes A, B, and C related to ISO 11228-1,
ISO 11228-2 and ISO 11228-3, respectively. These annexes provide information relevant to the
practical application of methods and procedures presented in ISO 11228 series based on application
experiences of the standards. Some modifications of the methods explained in the standards are
described in the present Technical Report, which are intended to be supplemental to the users,
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with a particular focus on applications where multiple manual tasks are performed by the same
worker(s).

FIRST LEVEL: Key Questions

The "Key Questions" are designed to assess if there is any relevance of the basic conditions of the job to the specific
standards. If there is a relevance, then the user is directed to the applicable "Quick Assessment" questions that will give an

approximated indication of the magnitude of the potential hazard, either low/no risk or the presence of risk conditions. If
hazards are indicated then the user is directed to the appropriate standard.
Note  Lifting and lowering are treated identically in the risk assessments.


STATIC WORKING
PUSHING/PULLING UPPER LIMB REPETITIVE
MANUAL
POSTURES
LIFTING/CARRYING MOVEMENTS

NO YES NO
YES NO YES NO YES


SECOND LEVEL: Quick Assessment

The "Quick Assessment" aims to identify (without calculation) through the use of pre-defined scenarios, the presence of two
extreme exposure conditions:

− absence of significant risk or presence of acceptable conditions;

− critical conditions (presence of significant and unacceptable risk).

PRESENT/NOT CRITICAL
ABSENT/ACCEPTABLE CRITICAL CONDITIONS
No further Reduce the risk
Go to the specific standard
for a more detailed analysis
action/periodically review immediately/For risk
reduction options go to the

specific standard

MANUAL LIFTING MANUAL CARRYING PUSHING/PULLING UPPER LIMB REPETITIVE STATIC WORKING
MOVEMENTS POSTURES
ISO 11228-1 ISO 11228-2
ISO 11228-1
ISO 11228-3 ISO 11226
Figure 1 — The different levels of approach to ISO 11226 and the ISO 11228 series
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11226, Ergonomics — Evaluation of static working postures
ISO 11228-1, Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 1: Lifting and carrying
ISO 11228-2, Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 2: Pushing and pulling
ISO 11228-3, Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency
ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
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3 Using the “Key Questions” and the “Quick Assessment”
Follow the steps below and answer each of the key questions.
3.1 Step 1 — Procedure to enter the standards: the “Key Questions”
In Step 1 the “Key Questions” will direct you to the relevant standard or standards that are appropriate
for your job conditions. “Key Questions” are designed to identify if hazards are present and whether a
further analysis (using relevant standards) is necessary. See Table 1.
Table 1 — The key questions
1
Application of ISO 11228-1
Is there manual lifting/lowering or carrying of an object of 3 kg or more present? NO YES
if NO, then this standard is not relevant, go to the next "Key Questions" regarding the other standards
If YES then go to step 2 “ Quick Assessment"
2
Application of ISO 11228-2
Is there a two-handed whole-body pushing and pulling of loads present? NO YES
if NO, then this standard is not relevant, go to the next "Key Questions" regarding the other standards
If YES then go to step 2 "Quick Assessment"
3
Application of ISO 11228-3
Are there one or more repetitive tasks of the upper limbs with a total duration of 1 hour or NO YES
more per shift?
Where the deinition of “repetitive task” is:
a task characterized by repeated work cycles
or
tasks during which the same working actions are repeated for more than 50% of the cycle time.
If NO, then this standard is not relevant, go to the next "Key Questions" regarding the other standards
If YES then go to step 2 "Quick Assessment"
4
Application of ISO 11226
Are there static or awkward working postures of the HEAD/NECK, TRUNK and/or UPPER NO YES
AND LOWER LIMBS maintained for more than 4 seconds consecutively and repeated for a signiicant part of the
working time?

For example:
- HEAD/NECK (neck bent back/forward/sideways, twisted)
- TRUNK (trunk bent forward/sideways/, bent back with no support, twisted)
- UPPER LIMBS ( hand(s) at or above head, elbow(s) at or above shoulder, elbow/hand(s) behind the body, hand(s) turned
with palms completely up or down, extreme elbow flexion-extension, wrist bent forward/back/sideways)
- LOWER LIMBS (squatting or kneeling) maintained for more than 4 seconds consecutively and repeated for a signi‡icant
part of the working time
if NO, then this standard is not relevant
If YES then go to step 2 "Quick Assessment"
3.2 Step 2 — The “Quick Assessment”
The “Quick Assessment” aims to identify, without the need for calculation, the presence of two opposite
exposure conditions:
— the absence of risk or acceptable risk;
— the presence of a relevant risk (or the presence of extremely hazardous risk factors that are not
acceptable), also labelled as critical conditions (critical code).
When either of these conditions is met, it is not necessary to make a more detailed estimation of the
exposure level using the corresponding standard (the applicable standard can still provide ideas and
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information for the correction of the risk factors). However, when none of the two “extreme” conditions
is met, it is necessary to conduct a risk assessment by methods reported in the corresponding standard.
3.2.1 Lifting/lowering and carrying — Preliminary additional aspects
A preliminary check of some adverse environmental, object and organizational conditions is highly
recommended since those conditions could represent an additional risk in manual handling.
See Table 2.
Table 2 — Lifting/lowering and carrying – Additional factors to be considered
Is the working environment unfavourable for manual lifting and carrying?
Presence of extreme (low or high) temperature
NO YES
Presence of slippery, uneven, unstable loor
NO YES
Presence of insuficient space for lifting and carrying
NO YES
Are there unfavourable object characteristics for manual lifting and carrying?
The size of object reduces the operator’s view and hinder movement
NO YES
The centre of gravity of the load is not stable (example: liquids, items moving around inside of object)
NO YES
The object shape/coniguration presents sharp edges, surfaces or protrusions
NO YES
The contact surfaces are too cold or too hot
NO YES
Does the task(s) with manual lifting or carrying last more than 8 hours a day? NO YES
If all of the questions are answered” NO”, then continue the "Quick Assessment".
If at least one of the questions is answered “YES”, then APPLY The standard ISO 11228-1.
The consequent speciic additional risks HAVE TO be carefully considered to MINIMIZE THESE RISKS.
3.2.2 Lifting/lowering and carrying — Quick assessment
For establishing the acceptable (no) risk the following Tables 3 and 4 should be used. They follow the
approach in step 1 and 2 of ISO 11228-1. If all of the listed conditions are present (i.e. “YES” answers), the
assessed task is acceptable (Green area) and it is not necessary to continue the risk evaluation.
If any of the conditions is not met, apply ISO 11228-1, step 3 — Lifting equation.
The “Quick Assessment” could also be used for identifying critical conditions (for lifting and carrying).
The term critical condition means that the manual lifting and/or carrying of objects is not recommended.
If any of the conditions reported in Table 5 is met, a critical situation in lifting and/or carrying is present,
and an ergonomics intervention is necessary to redesign the task as a high priority.
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Table 3 — Lifting/lowering — Quick Assessment — Acceptable condition
Asymmetry (e.g. body rotation, trunk twisting) is absent NO YES
Load is maintained close to the body NO YES
3 TO 5 kg
Load vertical displacement is between hips and shoulders NO YES
NO YES
Maximum frequency: less than 5 lifts per minute

Asymmetry (e.g. body rotation, trunk twisting) is absent NO YES
Load is maintained close to the body NO YES
5,1 TO 10 kg
Load vertical displacement is between hips and shoulder NO YES
Maximum frequency: less than 1 lift per minute NO YES

MORE THAN 10 kg Loads of more than 10 kg are absent NO YES
If all of the questions are answered “YES”,
then the examined task is in green area (ACCEPTABLE) and it is not necessary to continue the risk evaluation.
If at least one of the questions is answered “NO”, then evaluate the task(s) by ISO 11228-1.
Table 4 — Carrying — Quick Assessment — Acceptable condition
Recommended Cumulative Mass (total load (in kg) carried during the given durations for the speciied distance below): is the cumulative
mass carried LESS than recommended values considering the distance (more/less than 10 meters) and duration (1 minute; 1 hour; 8
hours) ?
Duration Distance ≤ 10 m per action Distance > 10 m per action
8 hrs 10000 kg 6000 kg NO YES
NO YES
1 h 1500 kg 750 kg
1 min 30 kg 15 kg NO YES
Awkward postures during the carrying are not present NO YES
If all of the questions are answered “YES”,
then the examined task is in green area (ACCEPTABLE) and it is not necessary to continue the risk evaluation.
If at least one of the questions is answered “NO”, then evaluate the task(s) by ISO 11228-1.
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Table 5 — Lifting/lowering and carrying — Quick Assessment — Critical condition
If one or more of the following conditions is present, consider risk as HIGH and it is necessary to proceed with task re-design.
CRITICAL CONDITION: presence of lifting/carrying task lay-out and frequency conditions
exceeding the maximum suggested
The hand location at the beginning/end of the lift is higher than 175 cm or
VERTICAL LOCATION NO YES
lower than 0 cm.
VERTICAL
The vertical distance between the origin and the destination of the lifted
NO YES
DISPLACEMENT object is more than 175 cm
HORIZONTAL The horizontal distance between the body and load is greater than full arm
NO YES
reach
DISTANCE
ASYMMETRY Extreme body twisting without moving the feet NO YES
FREQUENCY More than 15 lifts per min of SHORT DURATION (manual handling lasting
no more than 60 min consecutively in the shift, followed by at least 60 NO YES
minutes of break-light task)
More than 12 lifts per min of MEDIUM DURATION (manual handling lasting
no more than 120 min consecutively in the shift, followed by at least 30 NO YES
minutes of break--light task)
More than 8 lift per min of LONG DURATION (manual handling lasting
NO YES
more than 120 min consecutively in the shift)
CRITICAL CONDITION for lifting/carrying: presence of loads exceeding the following limits
25 kg
Males (18-45 years) NO YES
Females (18-45 years) 20 kg NO YES
Males (<18 or >45 years) 20 kg
NO YES
Females (<18 or >45 years) 15 kg NO YES
CRITICAL CONDITION FOR CARRYING: presence of cumulative carried mass greater than those
indicated
Carrying distance 20 m or more
in 8 hours / Carrying distance per 6000 kg in 8 hours
NO YES
action 20 m or more
Carrying distance less than 20 m
in 8 hours / Carrying distance per
10000 kg in 8 hours NO YES
action less than 20 m
If at least one of the conditions have a “YES” response then a critical condition is present.
If a critical condition is present then apply ISO 11228-1 for identifying urgent corrective actions.
3.2.3 Whole-body pushing and pulling — Additional factors to be considered
A preliminary check of some adverse environmental, object and organizational conditions is highly
recommended since those conditions could represent an additional risk in both manual lifting and whole
body pushing and pulling (Table 6).
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Table 6 — Pushing and Pulling — Additional factors to be considered
Working environment conditions
Are loor surfaces slippery, not stable, uneven, have an upward or downward slope or are issured, cracked or
NO YES
broken?
Are restricted or constrained movement paths present? NO YES
Is the temperature of the working area high
NO YES
The characteristics of the object pushed or pulled
Does the object (or trolley, transpallet, etc.) limit the vision of the operator or hinder the movement?
NO YES
Is the object unstable? NO YES
Does the object (or trolley, transpallet, etc.) have hazardous features, sharp surfaces, projections etc. that can
NO YES
injure the operator?
Are the wheels or casters worn, broken or not properly maintained?
NO YES
Are the wheels or casters unsuitable for the work conditions?
NO YES
If the answers for all the conditions are “NO”, then continue the quick assessment.
If at least one of the answers is “YES”, then apply ISO 11228-2.
The consequent speciic additional risks HAVE TO be carefully considered to MINIMIZE THESE RISKS.
3.2.4 Whole-body pushing and pulling — Quick assessment
The “Quick Assessment” can be used for identifying acceptable (or Green) and critical (or Red) conditions
(for pushing and pulling). For establishing the acceptable risk, Table 7 should be used (it is based upon
method 1 of ISO 11228-2). If all of the listed conditions are present (reply “YES”), the examined task is
acceptable and is not necessary to continue the risk evaluation. If at least one of the conditions reported
in Table 8 is met, a critical situation in pushing and/or pulling is present, and an urgent ergonomic
intervention is necessary to redesign the task as a high priority. The critical conditions given here are
indicated in ISO 11228-2.
The suggested starting point is the estimation and evaluation of the forces necessary for performing
the push-or-pull tasks under analysis. If the force is applied to the object beneath hip level or above
mid-chest level one should apply the standard ISO 11228-2. This standard should also be applied in
cases when the force magnitude is above approx. 50 N for continuous force exertion or approx. 100 N
for peak-force application (for more information on how to measure forces see ISO 11228-2, Annex D).
An approximation of these criteria is given by considering the experience of worker(s) in terms of the
[3] [4]
perceived effort. In determining the perceived effort, the use of CR-10 Borg scale is suggested for
estimating the force developed during pushing and/or pulling. If the result is 3 or more on Borg scale
(representing “moderate” level of force), one should apply the standard ISO 11228-2. If high forces are
exerted or the point of force application is inappropriate (equivalently, a score of 8 or more in on CR-10
Borg Scale), a critical condition is present: it is necessary to apply ISO 11228-2 for identifying urgent
corrective actions.
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Table 7 — Pushing and pulling — Quick Assessment — Acceptable condition
Hazard Force magnitude
The force magnitude does not exceed approx. 30 N (or approximately 50 N for frequencies up to once per 5
NO YES
min up to 50 m) for continuous (sustained) force exertion and approx. 100 N for peak (initial) force
application. Alternatively, the perceived effort (obtained interviewing the workers using the CR-10 Borg
scale) shows the presence, during the pushing-pulling task(s), of an up to SLIGHT force exertion (perceived
effort) (score 2 or less in Borg CR-10 scale).
Hazard Task duration
Does the task(s) with manual pushing and pulling last up to 8 hours a day?
NO YES
Hazard Grasp height
The push-or-pull force is applied to the object between hip and mid-chest level.
NO YES
Hazard Posture
NO YES
The push-or-pull action is performed with an upright trunk (not twisted or bent).
Hazard Handling Area
Hands are held inside shoulder width and in front of the body. NO YES
If all of the questions are answered “YES”,
then the examined task is in green area (ACCEPTABLE) and it is not necessary to continue the risk evaluation.
If at least one of the questions is answered “NO”, then evaluate the task(s) by ISO 11228-2.
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Table 8 — Pushing and pulling — Quick Assessment — Critical condition
If one or more of the following conditions is present, consider risk as HIGH, and it is necessary to proceed with task re-
design.
Hazard FORCE MAGNITUDE
A) Peak initial force during push-or-pull (to overcome rest state (inertia) or to accelerate or to decelerate an NO YES
object): The force is at least 360 N (males) or 240 N (females).
B) Continuous (sustained) push-or-pull (to keep an object in motion): The force is at least 250 N (males) or
150 N (females)
Alternatively, during the pushing-pulling task(s), the perceived effort using the CR-10 Borg scale (obtained
by interviewing the workers), shows the presence of high peaks of force (perceived effort) (a score of 8 or
more on the Borg CR-10 scale)?
Hazard POSTURE
The push-or-pull action is performed with the trunk signi“icantly bent or twisted. NO YES
Hazard FORCE EXERTION
The push-or-pull action is performed in a jerky manner or in an uncontrolled way. NO YES
Hazard
GRASP HANDLING AREA
Hands are held either outside the shoulder width or not in front of the body. NO YES
Hazard GRASP HEIGHT
Hands are held higher than 150 cm or lower than 60 cm. NO YES
Hazard FORCE DIRECTION
The push-or-pull action is superimposed by relevant vertical force components (“partial lifting”) NO YES
Hazard TASK DURATION
Does the task(s) with manual pushing and pulling lasts more than 8 hours a day? NO YES
If one or more answers are “YES”, then a critical condition is present.
If a critical condition is present then apply ISO 11228-2 for identifying corrective actions.
3.2.5 Repetitive task(s) of the upper limbs — Quick assessment
For establishing acceptable risk use Table 9 (it incorporates the “Entry” steps in ISO 11228-3; i.e. hazard
identification and preliminary simple risk estimation). If all of the listed conditions are present (i.e. reply
YES), then the examined task is in the Green area (ACCEPTABLE), and it is not necessary to continue
the risk evaluation. If any of the conditions is not met, address to ISO 11228-3, Method 1 and, when
necessary, Method 2.
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Table 9 — Repetitive task(s) of the upper limbs — Quick Assessment — Acceptable condition
Are either upper limbs working for less than 50% of the total time duration of repetitive task(s)? NO YES
Are both elbows held below the shoulder level for almost 90% of the total duration of the repetitive task(s)?
NO YES
Is there a moderate force (perceived effort = max 3 or 4 on CR-10 Borg scale) exerted by the operator for no more
NO YES
than 1 hour during the duration of the repetitive task(s)?
Absence of force peaks (perceived effort = 5 or more on
...