ISO 17357-1:2014

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17357-1
First edition
2014-01-15
Ships and marine technology —
Floating pneumatic rubber fenders —
Part 1:
High pressure
Navires et technologie maritime — Éperons pneumatiques
flottants —
Partie 1: Haute pression
Reference number
ISO 17357-1:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014

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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

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© ISO 2014
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Classification . 3
4.1 High-pressure fender types . 3
4.2 Initial internal pressure . 3
5 Ordering or inquiring information . 3
5.1 Information to the manufacturer . 3
5.2 Information from the manufacturer . 3
6 Requirements . 4
6.1 General high pressure fender requirements . 4
6.2 Type requirements . 4
6.3 Pressure requirements . 4
7 Performance . 5
7.1 Specification of performance . 5
7.2 Performance curves . 5
7.3 Fender performance . 5
8 Performance confirmation of prototype fender test . 5
8.1 General . 5
8.2 Performance test, parallel compression test . 6
8.3 Angular compression test . 8
8.4 Durability test . 8
8.5 Compression-recovery test . 8
8.6 Puncture-resistance test . 8
8.7 Recording condition . 9
9 Test and inspection for commercial fenders . 9
9.1 General . 9
9.2 Material test of rubber . 9
9.3 Dimensional inspection . 9
9.4 Air-leakage test . 9
9.5 Hydrostatic-pressure test . 9
10 Marking .10
11 Documentation .10
12 Inspection and evaluation by a qualified independent inspection service .11
Annex A (informative) Synthetic-tyre-cord layer .15
Annex B (informative) Flange opening and bead ring, metal parts .17
Bibliography .20
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee
SC 4, Outfitting and deck machinery.
ISO 17357-1 together with ISO 17357-2 cancels and replaces ISO 17357:2002.
ISO 17357 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ships and marine technology — Floating
pneumatic rubber fenders:
— Part 1: High pressure
— Part 2: Low pressure
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

Introduction
This International Standards has been developed to provide guidelines on the quality and performance
of all floating pneumatic rubber fenders. Floating pneumatic rubber fenders can play an important role
in a ships safe berthing operation and this International Standard is seen as a technical reference to
ensure necessary product standards.
Essentially there are two main types of floating pneumatic rubber fender, defined as either high or
low pressure fenders. Although manufactured using different techniques, both high and low pressure
fenders work by the same principle. The resistance to berthing vessel momentum is provided by a
reaction pressure due to compression of the air inside the fender when deformed by the vessels hull. The
kinetic energy of the berthing vessel is absorbed during the work done to compress the air inside the
fender. Fenders are sized according to the expected duty of the fender in terms of the energy absorption
(EA) requirements which will be at the most basic level, a function of the vessel mass and velocity.
Throughout this International Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identified by the use of
the keyword “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by the use of the keyword “should”, and
while not mandatory are considered to be of primary importance in providing serviceable, economical,
and practical connectors. Deviation from the recommended criteria should occur only after careful
consideration, extensive testing, and thorough service evaluation have shown alternative methods to
be satisfactory.
The documents in the Bibliography provide information on the usage of the fenders.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17357-1:2014(E)
Ships and marine technology — Floating pneumatic rubber
fenders —
Part 1:
High pressure
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17357 specifies the material, performance, and dimensions of high-pressure floating
pneumatic rubber fenders, which are intended to be used for the berthing and mooring of a ship to
another ship or berthing structure. It also specifies the test and inspection procedures for high-pressure
floating pneumatic rubber fenders.
This part of ISO 17357 does not address any safety hazards associated with its use. It is the user’s
responsibility to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations before using this part of ISO 17357.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 34-1:2010, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tear strength — Part 1: Trouser,
angle and crescent test pieces
ISO 37:2011, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tensile stress-strain properties
ISO 188:2011, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression set
ISO 815-1:2008Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression set — Part 1: At
ambient or elevated temperatures
ISO 1382:2012, Rubber — Vocabulary
ISO 1431-1:2012, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Resistance to ozone cracking — Part 1: Static
strain test
ISO 7619-1:2010, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of indentation hardness — Part 1:
Durometer method (Shore hardness)
ISO 12236:2006, Geosynthetics — Static puncture test (CBR test)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1382:2012 and the following
apply.
3.1
high pressure floating pneumatic rubber fender
fender which is made of synthetic-cord-reinforced rubber sheet with compressed air inside, at initial
pressure of 50 kPa or 80 kPa, to enable it to float on the water and work as a shock absorber between
two ships, or between ships and berthing structures when they come alongside each other on the water
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

3.2
outer rubber
rubber layer that covers the outside of the fender to protect the cord layers and the inner liner rubber
from abrasion and other external forces
3.3
inner rubber
liner of a rubber membrane that seals the pressurized air inside the fender
3.4
synthetic-tyre-cord layer for reinforcement
layer made of synthetic-tyre-cord fabric, which maintains the internal air pressure of the fender
Note 1 to entry: As the main fibres of the synthetic-tyre-cord fabric are not braided like synthetic canvas fabric
or synthetic belt fabric, there are advantages for its fatigue-resistance performance and pressure-holding
performance. See Annex A.
3.5
bead ring
steel ring which is placed at one end (or both ends) of the fender and holds the end of cord layers
Note 1 to entry: See Annex B.
3.6
flange opening
steel flange which is mounted on the fender, to which an air valve or safety valve can be adapted
Note 1 to entry: See Annex B.
3.7
guaranteed energy absorption
energy that the fender can absorb without permanent deformation or failure
3.8
reaction force
force produced by a fender reacting to a compressive force
Note 1 to entry: It is equal to the force of the air pressure of the fender multiplied by the contact area of the fender
to the ship or berthing structure.
3.9
initial internal pressure
air pressure at which an uncompressed fender operates
3.10
endurable pressure
inner pressure at which a fender bursts
3.11
net-type fender
fender which is covered by a protection net consisting of either chain, wire, or fibre and usually with
tyres or rubber sleeves
3.12
sling-type fender
fender which is designed to be used without a protection net
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

4 Classification
4.1 High-pressure fender types
High-pressure fender types are defined as follows:
a) Type I — Net-type;
b) Type I Single — Net-type and one end with no flange opening and no metal parts. See Annex B;
c) Type II — Sling-type.
4.2 Initial internal pressure
Initial internal pressures are defined as follows:
a) pneumatic 50 (initial internal pressure 50 kPa);
b) pneumatic 80 (initial internal pressure 80 kPa).
5 Ordering or inquiring information
5.1 Information to the manufacturer
The fender purchase order or inquiry should state the following.
a) The International Standard number and applicable year, i.e. ISO 17357-1:2014.
b) Fender size: nominal fender diameter and length: see Table 1 or Table 2.
NOTE If the purchaser requests other sizes, they shall satisfy the requirements of paragraph of 6.3.3.
c) Fender type: see 4.1.
d) Initial internal pressure: see 4.2.
e) Fender colour. If not specified, the colour shall be black.
f) If a safety valve is required for fenders smaller than 2 500 mm in diameter, see 6.1.7.
g) If an identification system is required, see Clause 10.
h) If inspection/evaluation by a major classification society is required, see Clause 12.
5.2 Information from the manufacturer
In order to confirm that the products meet the requirements of this part of ISO 17357, the purchaser can
request the manufacturer to provide following information prior to order placement.
a) Prototype fender test certificate
The certificate which confirms successful results of the tests in Clause 8, which are evaluated by a major
classification society and are conducted no more than ten years prior to inquiry date.
b) Commercial fender inspection and test certificate
The certificate which confirms successful results of the inspections and the tests in Clause 9, which
must be performed on fender which has a diameter equal to or larger than the inquired fender with the
same or higher internal pressure, and are evaluated by a major classification society and are conducted
no more than ten years prior to inquiry date.
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

6 Requirements
6.1 General high pressure fender requirements
6.1.1 High pressure floating pneumatic rubber fenders shall consist of a cylindrical air bag with
hemispherical heads at both ends, which shall be filled with compressed air. The basic body construction
of this fender shall consist of an outer rubber, synthetic-tyre-cord layer (see Annex A) for reinforcement,
and an inner rubber. All of these shall be vulcanized firmly.
6.1.2 The outer rubber shall protect the cord layers and inner rubber from abrasion and other external
forces. This rubber compound shall have sufficient tensile and tear resistance strength to withstand
anticipated weather conditions and severe usage. This rubber shall satisfy the values specified in Table 3.
6.1.3 The inner rubber layer shall seal the air inside. This rubber shall satisfy the requirements specified
in Table 3.
6.1.4 The reinforcement synthetic-tyre-cord layers shall be strong enough to hold the internal pressure.
In both compressed and non-compressed situations, the fender’s endurable pressure shall be as in Table 4
or Table 5.
6.1.5 The flange opening shall be at either end, or both ends, for convenience of air charge and water
filling for Type I and Type II. The flange opening shall be at only one end for Type I Single and no metal
parts shall be at the other end to make that end safe from permanent deformation when it gets over
compression.
6.1.6 The end of the reinforcement-cord layers shall enter the bead ring and be turned up outside the
bead ring, which is built-in at the flange opening. Diameter of the bead ring or other steel material around
the flange opening shall be less than 0,20 D (D: fender diameter) to make metal parts safe from permanent
deformation when it gets over compression near to 80 %. See Annex B. For Type I (Net-type) fenders, the
bead ring, and turning up on construction can be excluded.
6.1.7 Fenders of diameter 2 500 mm and larger shall be equipped with a safety valve for releasing
excess internal pressure when the fenders are over-compressed accidentally. Fenders which are smaller
than 2 500 mm in diameter, can be equipped with a safety valve if required.
6.1.8 The fender shall be equipped with an air valve for inflation and checking air pressure.
6.2 Type requirements
6.2.1 Type I and Type I Single (Net-type) fenders shall be covered by a chain net, wire net, or fibre net.
Each end of longitudinal chains, wires, or fibres shall be linked together with one or two ring(s), which
shall be connected with a guy-chain or guy-rope. Usually, these nets will be fitted with used tyres or
rubber sleeves to provide additional protection to the fender body.
6.2.2 Type II (Sling-type) fenders shall have a lifting device on each end, which shall be connected with
a guy-chain or guy-rope.
6.3 Pressure requirements
6.3.1 Pneumatic 50: the internal pressure, endurable pressure, safety-valve setting pressure, and
hydraulic test pressure shall be as specified in Table 4.
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

6.3.2 Pneumatic 80: the internal pressure, endurable pressure, safety-valve setting pressure, and
hydraulic test pressure shall be as specified in Table 5.
6.3.3 Sizes not listed in Tables 4 and 5 shall satisfy all the requirements in this sub-clause, using the
pressure requirements of the next-larger-diameter size.
EXAMPLE A 2 200 mm diameter fender shall satisfy the pressure requirements of a 2 500 mm diameter
fender.
7 Performance
7.1 Specification of performance
The performance of high pressure floating pneumatic rubber fenders shall be specified in terms
of guaranteed energy absorption (GEA), reaction force at GEA deflection, and hull pressure at GEA
deflection.
7.2 Performance curves
The relationship between the deflection percentage, reaction force, inner pressure (which is equal to the
hull pressure), and energy absorption is shown in Figure 1. The reaction force, the inner pressure, and
the energy absorption of the fender increase as the deflection percentage increases. From the GEA value,
point A is determined on the energy absorption curve and the corresponding deflection percentage is
read as the GEA deflection. The reaction force and the hull pressure are then obtained at that deflection
percentage value.
7.3 Fender performance
7.3.1 Pneumatic 50: the fenders shall comply with the values specified in Table 1.
7.3.2 Pneumatic 80: The fenders shall comply with the values specified in Table 2.
7.3.3 GEA values shown in Table 1 or Table 2 shall be obtained at (60 ± 5) % deflection.
7.3.4 The tolerance of reaction force at the GEA deflection shall be ±10 %.
7.3.5 Fender performance can be calculated by the formula, which shall be established using the
performance test described in 8.1.
8 Performance confirmation of prototype fender test
8.1 General
Each fender, involving different methods of basic construction and/or design, shall require a prototype
test.
Fenders of lesser diameter than a prototype confirmed fender, incorporating the same basic design,
construction, and fabrication methods but having fewer plies due to the smaller diameter, but satisfying
all requirements of this part of ISO 17357, do not require a prototype test.
Manufacturer shall provide the certificate which confirms successful results of the tests which are
evaluated by a major classification society and the performance confirmation of prototype fender test
shall be done every ten years.
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

8.2 Performance test, parallel compression test
8.2.1 To determine the performance of the fenders given in Clause 7, a performance test shall be
performed. Applying a compressive force perpendicularly to the fender, the fender shall be compressed
until its energy absorption reaches the GEA value. The compression speed shall not exceed 80 mm/min.
The reaction force and internal pressure shall be recorded at least every 5 % percentage deflection. The
percentage deflection, y, and the energy absorption, a, are calculated as follows.
L
c
y= ×100 (1)
D
where
y is the percentage deflection;
L is the compression length, in millimetres;
c
D is the original diameter, in millimetres (i.e. the fender diameter at initial pressure).
aR= xdx (2)
()
∫
where
R(x) is the reaction at a given deflection;
dx is the incremental deflection.
The test shall be repeated twice with an interval of 5 min between the two tests. The energy absorption
and the reaction force shall be obtained from the mean value of the two test records.
A fender meets the required GEA performance if it achieves 100 % of its GEA energy absorption without
exceeding 65 % deflection and 110 % of its GEA reaction.
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

1
4
2
3
5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Deflection (%)
Key
1 reaction force at GEA deflection
2 guaranteed energy absorption (GEA)
3 hull pressure at GEA deflection
4 point A
5 GEA deflection
energy absorption
reaction force
inner pressure
Figure 1 — Standard performance curve
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 7
Reaction force (kN)
Inner pressure (Hull pressure) (kPa)
Energy absorption (kJ)

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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

8.2.2 The test shall be performed using an actual size fender or a miniature size fender larger than one-
fifth the size of the actual diameter
EXAMPLE In the case of fenders 4,5 m in diameter, the performance shall be confirmed from the test result
of a fender 4,5 m in diameter or a fender larger than 0,9 m in diameter.
8.3 Angular compression test
8.3.1 An angular compression test shall be performed to determine the fender deformation property.
8.3.2 If the fender is too large to be mounted on the testing machine, the test can be performed
on a miniature-size fender. The reduction scale shall be such that it will ensure that the tests will be
representative.
NOTE It has been shown that 1/30 or larger scale sizes are acceptable if relative performances at parallel and
several angular conditions are to be compared at the same fender.
8.4 Durability test
8.4.1 A durability test shall be performed to verify that the products are suitable for use as fenders, and
that they have sufficient durability to withstand the berthing energy.
8.4.2 The test shall comprise at least 3 000 repetitive cycles of parallel compression from the original
diameter to the maximum deflection. After 3 000 repetitive cycles, there shall be no cracks and other
harmful defects on any part of the fender. No reduction of the GEA shall be accepted.
8.4.3 If the fender is too large to be mounted on the testing machine, the test can be performed on a
miniature-size fender. The reduction scale shall be the same as that described in 8.3.2.
8.5 Compression-recovery test
8.5.1 Fenders are compressed and released repeatedly over a very short period of time. Therefore, a
compression-recovery test shall be performed to confirm that the fenders have sufficient compression
recoverability.
8.5.2 After compression of the fender to the guaranteed energy-absorption deflection, the fender shall
be kept in this compressed state for 1 min, then the load shall be released instantaneously. The fender
diameter shall recover more than 97 % of its original diameter within 5 min after the load to the fender is
released.
8.5.3 The test shall be performed using an actual-size fender or a miniature-size fender larger than
one-fifth the size of the actual diameter.
EXAMPLE In the case of fenders 4,5 m in diameter, the performance shall be confirmed from the test result
of a fender 4,5 m in diameter or a fender larger than 0,9 m in diameter.
8.6 Puncture-resistance test
8.6.1 A puncture-resistance test shall be performed to confirm that the products have sufficient
puncture-resistance strength.
8.6.2 The test shall be conducted in accordance with the static puncture test (CBR test) in ISO 12236:2006.
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ISO 17357-1:2014(E)

8.6.3 The specimen shall be made using the same materials, construction, and production method,
except for the number of ply of the reinforcement cord layer which shall be the number applied for the
smallest size fender, i.e. normally two plies.
8.6.4 The force applied
...